Chicago Tribune, September 10, 2018: Starbucks, florists and other warning signs a neighborhood’s home prices are about to go up
Starbucks comes by its reputation as the bellwether of gentrification honestly: Its entry into an area really does predict a measurable change in demographics. When the coffee giant colonizes a neighborhood, home prices tend to jump. The population tends to get more educated. And younger. And whiter.
New research shows that one new Starbucks predicted an extra 0.54 percent rise in local home prices. But the study also found that’s true of all cafes.
Harvard economist Edward Glaeser and his Harvard Business School colleagues Hyunjin Kim (a doctoral candidate) and Michael Luca find it improbable that a coffee chain has direct power over the housing market. Instead, they write, it’s plausible “Starbucks locations are chosen by individuals with very good judgment about where prices are going to increase.”
There’s no chicken-or-egg dilemma here. A new Starbucks strongly predicted a jump in home prices, but rising home prices didn’t strongly predict where Starbucks is going to open a new location, according to their analysis, released in a new working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research. Starbucks doesn’t follow the gentrifiers, it paves the way for them.
Glaeser, Kim and Luca previously showed it’s possible to combine hundreds of thousands of Yelp entries and create measures that supplement government data. In certain circumstances, the Yelp figures may even be better suited to the task at hand.
“It’s more up to date than a lot of official government statistics,” Kim said, “and it also includes these new data, like cuisines and prices, that might be hard to measure otherwise.”
The researchers found they could use the service to predict where gentrifiers would drive up prices. It was more than cafes and coffee shops. Five other businesses — laundromats, barbers, convenience stores, florists and wine bars — were an even clearer sign of incoming hipsters.
The researchers began by identifying the business types most associated with a future increase in house prices. They limited their search to business types that were present in 100 New York City ZIP codes — plus Starbucks, which was close to the line.
Convenience stores likewise don’t seem to conform to the hipster stereotypes evoked by fellow chart-toppers such as barbers, florists and wine bars, but in their own way, they show how gentrification can transform the fabric of a neighborhood.
These smaller shops are the first step on the journey from urban food desert to gentrified Whole Foods oasis. They also hint that newcomers, flush with cash, are willing to pay extra for the convenience of having basic goods nearby.
Once the authors knew which businesses predicted an increase in housing prices, they repeated the process for the demographics most associated with gentrification: white people, young people and educated people.
The result was a more detailed look at what gentrification really looks like, in terms of “businesses and landscapes,” Kim said. “Complementing government data with data from these platforms can help us predict better.”
Education was more strongly associated with a change in business composition than youth or whiteness.
An increase in bars, restaurants and cafes was associated with a more-educated population in all cities. Young people had a particularly strong association with florists, bars and barbers, while a higher concentration of white folks tended to bring a rise in restaurants, wine bars and grocery stores.
