Credit reports and credit scores reflect stunning racial disparities. Over a dozen studies have found that Black consumers have lower credit scores as a group than whites (listed in this policy brief). As a result, Black consumers have less access to mortgages, credit cards, and even government lending intended to help those most in need — a July 2020 study by ClimateWire found credit scores kept many Black consumers from obtaining Small Business Administration disaster relief loans. Credit reports or credit scores are also used by insurance companies, employers, and landlords, creating racial disparities in those settings as well.